In recent years, Pacific island nations have gained global recognition as staunch advocates for climate action. With rising sea levels posing an existential threat, these nations have presented a united front in their environmental advocacy. However, this unity is now under strain as some Pacific countries explore the controversial industry of deep-sea mining. Nations like Nauru, the Cook Islands, Kiribati, and Tonga are leading the charge, drawn by potential economic benefits. Conversely, countries such as Fiji, Palau, and Vanuatu are advocating for a moratorium on deep-sea mining in international waters.
The debate is dividing public opinion across the Pacific, weighing the economic opportunities against the uncertain but potentially significant environmental risks. As tensions mount, there is a growing concern that this division could fracture the Pacific’s moral authority on climate issues.
Environmental Concerns of Deep-Sea Mining
Deep-sea mining targets three primary types of mineral deposits: polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, and ore deposits around hydrothermal vents. The extraction process involves using unmanned collectors to bring ore to the surface, creating sediment plumes that can harm marine life. Unlike terrestrial mining, methods to minimize environmental damage are largely ineffective at ocean depths.
Deep-sea ecosystems remain poorly understood, but research indicates they are slow to recover. Studies of areas mined over 40 years ago show lasting physical damage, with scarce regrowth of corals and sponges.
Economic Interests and Strategic Partnerships
Despite the environmental concerns, the allure of deep-sea mining is significant. The International Seabed Authority, which governs 54% of the world’s oceans beyond national jurisdictions, has yet to finalize extraction rules. However, mining plans can still be submitted and reviewed in the absence of these regulations.
Analysts estimate that seabed minerals could be worth up to A$30 trillion, with some of the richest deposits located in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone between Hawaii and Mexico.
Under international law, companies need national government sponsorship to mine in international waters. Pacific states are seen as valuable partners due to their access to reserved seabed areas and extensive territorial waters.
Case Studies: Nauru, Tonga, Cook Islands, and Kiribati
Nauru once thrived on its vast guano deposits but now seeks new revenue streams. Nauru Ocean Resources, a subsidiary of The Metals Company, holds an exploration contract for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. Nauru is actively involved in developing international legal frameworks for mining these nodules.
Tonga has partnered with The Metals Company to explore mining opportunities in the same zone. Despite promises of financial benefits and community programs, the agreement has faced criticism for insufficient public consultation. Tonga’s economic pressures, including a significant debt to China’s Exim Bank, add complexity to its decision-making.
The Cook Islands have issued exploration licenses within their Exclusive Economic Zone, covering nearly two million square kilometers of ocean. The government is establishing a regulatory framework and building research capacity to support these efforts.
Kiribati, with an exclusive economic zone spanning 3.4 million km², holds a 15-year exploration contract through its state-owned company. The nation is also exploring potential collaborations with China.
Opposition and Precautionary Principles
While some Pacific nations embrace deep-sea mining, others remain cautious. In 2022, Palau initiated an alliance advocating for a moratorium on mining in international waters, with support from Fiji, American Samoa, and others. This opposition is grounded in the precautionary principle, emphasizing caution when knowledge is limited and potential harm is significant.
Pacific youth are vocal opponents of deep-sea mining. The Pacific Blue Line coalition, comprising civil society, faith groups, and youth networks, calls for a complete regional ban. Young advocates in Tonga and the Cook Islands have publicly demanded transparency and criticized limited consultations.
Implications for Pacific Leadership on Climate
Pacific leaders have earned a global reputation for their principled climate diplomacy, advocating for ambitious climate goals and legal opinions on climate change. However, embracing deep-sea mining could undermine the region’s united stance on environmental issues and threaten its credibility.
The outcome of this debate will influence how the world perceives the Pacific’s commitment to climate and ocean conservation in the coming years.
