John Menadue, a senior public servant during the turbulent era following the Dismissal, offers an insightful look into the political landscape under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. In this five-part series, Menadue discusses his experiences working closely with Fraser, revealing unexpected conclusions given his prior association with Gough Whitlam. The narrative highlights Fraser’s pivotal role in shaping Australia’s stance on race and human rights, both domestically and internationally.
Fraser’s Stance Against White Rule in Africa
Malcolm Fraser emerged as a staunch opponent of white rule in Africa, a position that was notably contrary to the views of contemporaries like Margaret Thatcher. His determination to end white rule in Southern Rhodesia was unwavering, influenced perhaps by his mother, Una Woolf, of Jewish descent, though Fraser never publicly acknowledged this heritage. His time at Oxford, where he formed friendships with black Africans, also played a significant role in shaping his views on race.
Fraser’s commitment to human rights was evident from the outset of his government. In the first cabinet meeting post-Whitlam’s dismissal, Fraser confronted allegations that funds from the World Council of Churches intended for humanitarian aid in Southern Rhodesia were being misused to support opposition to Ian Smith’s regime. Fraser’s response was unequivocal, labeling Smith as not only politically culpable for racism but also “clinically mad.”
Advancing Human Rights and Multiculturalism in Australia
From 1975 to 1983, Fraser’s government championed numerous human rights initiatives. Building on Whitlam’s groundwork, Fraser enacted the first legislation for indigenous land rights and expanded multiculturalism, establishing the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) and enhancing settlement programs for migrants and refugees. The Galbally Report further solidified these efforts, ensuring well-funded support systems.
Fraser also tested the abolition of the White Australia policy by welcoming tens of thousands of Indochinese refugees. His policies facilitated the arrival of 250,000 individuals of Indochinese descent, demonstrating a humanitarian commitment that defied the latent racism within Australian society. Fraser’s leadership was crucial in overcoming historical prejudices, as he prioritized moral obligations over public opinion or political expediency.
Challenging Historical Prejudices
During his tenure as Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Menadue encountered resistance to dismantling the remnants of White Australia. Despite facing criticism, including derogatory graffiti, Menadue was supported by Fraser and his minister, Ian Macphee, who never wavered in their backing of his initiatives.
Fraser’s independent foreign policy vision was evident in his refusal to accommodate British requests to resettle “super grass,” spies within the IRA, in Australia. His commitment to national sovereignty was further articulated in a 1981 parliamentary statement rejecting the presence of nuclear-armed aircraft on Australian soil without prior consent.
Legacy of Leadership and Respect
Fraser’s efforts to define Australia’s role within the Commonwealth of Nations reflected his belief in the country’s potential as a middle power. His relationship with Whitlam, once adversarial, evolved into mutual respect and friendship. Whitlam acknowledged Fraser’s openness, contrasting it with the duplicity he felt from others.
In 2012, Fraser delivered the Whitlam Oration, opening with “Men and Women of Australia,” a nod to their shared vision. The bond between the two former leaders was poignantly captured in a photograph from the 2008 Sorry Day, symbolizing reconciliation and mutual respect.
Fraser’s final years were marked by continued advocacy for Australia’s sovereignty and identity. His reflections on Whitlam underscored a shared commitment to Australia’s independent path. As Menadue recounts, Fraser’s leadership was defined by a willingness to confront difficult truths and a dedication to humanitarian principles.
The legacy of Malcolm Fraser, as captured through Menadue’s experiences, highlights a leader who navigated complex political landscapes with integrity and vision. His contributions to human rights and multiculturalism remain a testament to the power of principled leadership in shaping a nation’s identity.
