Cancer’s insidious spread from one organ to another, facilitated by microscopic messengers, has long posed a formidable challenge in medical science. Recent research, however, suggests that these invisible bubbles, known as lipid nanoparticles, might not only transport cancer but could also play a crucial role in stopping it. This groundbreaking work is being spearheaded by a team at the Department of Electrical Engineering at the École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), in collaboration with experts from the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.
The primary objective of this research is to prevent cancer from metastasizing throughout the body. For nearly a decade, the team has focused on understanding the mechanics of metastasis and exploring innovative ways to deliver drugs directly to tumor cells using lipid nanoparticles, such as liposomes. These particles, barely 100 nanometers in size, offer a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy by enhancing drug delivery efficiency and reducing toxicity.
Understanding the Mechanics of Metastasis
Lipid nanoparticles have shown potential in targeting tumors more effectively while minimizing side effects. Researchers have observed that these nanomedicines improve the penetration and specificity of cancer treatments, particularly in the context of metastases. Such findings underscore the potential of nanomedicines to make cancer treatments more targeted and tolerable.
Every cell in the body, whether healthy or cancerous, releases tiny particles called extracellular vesicles. These vesicles, composed of lipids and proteins, carry genetic information. When a cancer cell releases these vesicles into the bloodstream, they can alter the DNA of healthy cells, turning them cancerous—a process that underlies metastasis.
Artificial Vesicles: A Key to Faster Research
Extracting and studying natural extracellular vesicles is a complex and time-consuming process. To accelerate their research, the team at ÉTS produces artificial copies known as liposomes using micromixers. By combining lipids, proteins, water, and ethanol, they create particles that closely resemble natural vesicles. The challenge lies in identifying the specific lipids and proteins present in extracellular vesicles to accurately replicate them in liposomes.
In laboratory experiments, these liposomes are injected into liver cancer cells to observe their interactions. The more closely the liposomes mimic natural vesicles, the more effectively they are absorbed by the cells. This research aims to elucidate how the chemical and physical properties of liposomes influence their absorption by cells and their potential role in tumor development.
Observing Liposome Behavior in Real Time
The ultimate goal is to understand how extracellular vesicles are transported to liver cells, leading to metastasis. A significant challenge is ensuring that liposomes can genuinely mimic these natural vesicles. Currently, the team has achieved a 50% efficiency rate in protein encapsulation, with aspirations to increase this to 90%. Such advancements could illuminate the formation of metastases and pave the way for strategies to block them.
Once the technique is refined, the team plans to conduct tests on animal models. In the long term, this research could revolutionize cancer treatment by preventing metastasis and improving patient survival rates. The overarching aim is to not only comprehend the process but also develop new therapeutic approaches.
Innovative Treatment Approaches
The research team is exploring the use of liposomes as drug delivery vehicles, capable of transporting treatments directly to cancer cells. The size of these liposomes varies depending on the target organ, necessitating precise characterization and understanding of their properties.
For instance, researchers are experimenting with encapsulating turmeric, known for its anti-cancer properties, within liposomes. Turmeric, particularly its active component curcumin, is believed to combat cancer by inhibiting tumor growth and promoting cell destruction. By encapsulating turmeric in liposomes, its ability to reach and target cancerous cells is significantly enhanced.
Unlocking the Secret of Cancer Spread
Beyond turmeric, other molecules like paclitaxel, already used in cancer treatments, have been encapsulated in liposomal form to improve delivery and tolerance. Innovative strategies also employ liposomes to transport small DNA fragments or antibodies, aiding the body in detecting and combating diseased cells. These approaches have been validated in numerous studies and are increasingly integrated into cancer treatments, with ongoing advancements enhancing their efficacy and safety.
By using liposomes to replicate the body’s natural vesicles, the research team hopes to unravel the mechanisms of cancer spread and develop effective methods to halt it. This pioneering work not only offers insights into the intricacies of metastasis but also lays the foundation for more targeted treatments that could significantly improve patient outcomes.
